words that we use to give more information about a verb
Example: Tense and aspect mark the verb either with inflectional suffixes, auxiliary verbs or ADVERBIAL expressions.
ru: наречный
antecedent, 36,125,128
noun
a noun or phrase to which a relative pronoun refers back.
ru: предшествующий
apposition, 117
the placing of a word, especially a noun, syntactically parallel
to another, e.g. William the Conqueror.
ru: приложение
Bakhtin, M 25, 26, 34, 74, 75, 98
name of a person
Russian literary critic and theorist and linguistic philosopher.
ru: Бахтин М
Bloom's Taxonomy 25, 26, 34, 74, 75, 98
a phrase
a classification system used to define and distinguish different levels of human cognition—i.e., thinking, learning, and understanding.
ru: Таксономия Блума
bound preposition, 13
a phrase
words that usually don't have any independent meaning and they depend on other words in the sentence, like verbs, nouns or adjectives
ru: связанный предлог
Briceño, E 35
name of a person
the most booked keynote speaker and workshop facilitator on growth mindset and the Learning Zone
ru: Брисеньо, Э.
CEFR, 21
a phrase
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is an international standard for describing language ability
ru: CEFR
COBUILD 16, 75, 93, 94, 98
an analytical database of English with over 4.5 billion words.
ru: COBUILD
COCA, 7, 19, 125
a phrase
the Corpus of Contemporary American English, is a resource created by Professor Mark Davies at Brigham Young University
ru: COCA
cohesion and coherence, 74
noun
the way a text is organized so that it can hold together.
Example: A discourse analysis focused on deep level of sentence in other words COHESION AND COHERENCE in texts.
ru: сплоченность и согласованность
colligation, 53
noun
a grouping of words based on the way they function in a syntactic structure
Example: He argues that these meaning units for example show COLLIGATION, collocation and lexical semantics. COLLIGATION simply refers to grammatical necessity.
ru: сборка
collocation, 4, 40, 74, 75
noun
the combination of words formed when two or more words are often used together in a way that sounds correct
Example: He argues that these meaning units for example show colligation, COLLOCATION and lexical semantics.
ru: the combination of words formed when two or more words are often used together in a way that sounds correct
complement clauses, 54
a phrase
a subordinate clause that serves to complete the meaning of a noun or verb in a sentence
ru: дополнительные предложения
complement, 48, 56
noun
a word or words necessary to complete a grammatical
construction: the complement of a clause, e.g. John is (a)
thoughtful (man), Solitude makes John thoughtful; of an
adjective, e.g. John is glad of your help; of a preposition,
e.g. I thought of John.
ru: дополнение
compound noun, 79
a phrase
a noun made up of two or more existing words, e.g. cat food or playgroup.
ru: составное существительное
concordance, 14, 64, 89
noun
an alphabetical index of the principal words in a book or the works of an author with their immediate contexts
Example: There were four CONCORDANCE lines found in the database from The Times in March 1995 which contained this phrase.
ru: соответствие
Conjunct 116
noun
a type of word or phrase that ties two or more expressions together
Example: Quirk et al. (1972: ch. 8) provide lists of such adverbials in terms of adjuncts, CONJUNCTS and disjuncts.
ru: Соединение
conjunction, 118
noun
an uninflected linguistic form that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words
ru: соединение
connotation, 60, 115
noun
the use of a word to suggest a different association than its literal meaning
ru: оттенок
conversion, 43, 103
noun
a process that assigns an existing word to a new word class or syntactic category
ru: преобразование
copular verb, 20, 33, 49, 52
a special kind of verb used to join an adjective or noun complement to a subject.
ru: связка глагол
cotext, 64, 95, 107, 108
noun
the relationship between the words, phrases, sentences and even paragraphs
ru: котекст
countability, 52
noun
the fact of being countable
ru: счетность
critical pedagogy, 35
a phrase
a teaching philosophy that invites educators to encourage students to critique structures of power and oppression
ru: критическая педагогика
critical thinking, 32-35
a phrase
making reasoned judgments that are logical and well-thought out
Example: From the 1980s onward, a gradual change in position has taken place, shifting from the traditional notion of basic reading and writing to context-specific communication and CRITICAL THINKING skills.
ru: критическое мышление
DIK paradigm, 40
a phrase
the functional paradigm in linguistic theory, in which language is seen as an integrated part
ru: ДИК парадигма
ellipsis, 7
noun
the omission from a sentence of words needed to complete a
construction or sense.
ru: многоточие
end weight, 106
a phrase
'the tendency to reserve the final position for the more complex parts of a sentence
ru: конечный вес
Epistemic modality, 129
a phrase
a sub-type of linguistic modality that encompasses knowledge, belief, or credence in a proposition
Example: Halliday (1970) uses just 'modality' in place of EPISTEMIC MODALITY to refer to an 'interpersonal function' in language.
ru: Эпистемическая модальность
free preposition, 14
a phrase
prepositions with an independent meaning.
ru: свободный предлог
grammar patterns, 15-17, 52, 54, 55, 100
a phrase
ways of describing how words are used in English
Example: They played an important role in the creation of the Collins COBUILD GRAMMAR PATTERNS Series (Francisal. 1996) which was the first time that the comprehensive range of verb patterns were methodically organised.
ru: грамматические шаблоны
grammatical metaphor, 49,58
a phrase
expression of concepts in different grammatical form.
ru: грамматическая метафора
hypernym, 29,60
a word whose meaning includes a group of other words
Example: The first hypernyms for dog that come to mind would be animal or pet.
ru: гипероним
inanimate subject, 87-92
a phrase
a subject that is typically characteristic of a non-living being
ru: неодушевленный предмет
inflection, 42
a part of a word, usually a suffix, that expresses grammatical
relationship, such as number, person, tense, etc.
ru: флексия
interaction, 38
noun
an occasion when two or more people or things communicate with or react to each other
ru: взаимодействие
intertextuality, 25, 98
noun
the interdependence of texts in relation to one another
Example: It has a high level of INTERTEXTUALITY, a very rigid formal structure and is practised by adults, often literary professionals.
ru: интертекстуальность
knowledge creation, 40
a phrase
a process of creating new knowledge and acts as the heart of an organization's competitive advantage
ru: создание знаний
lemma, 43, 95, 105
noun
an auxiliary proposition used in the demonstration of another proposition
Example: These types of search make it possible to use a word, a LEMMA (the different forms a word may take such as its base and -s, -ed, and -ing forms), or a phrase as the target.
ru: лемма
lexeme, 43, 48
noun
a unit of lexical meaning that underlies a set of words that are related through inflection.
ru: лексема
lexical, 47,70,74
adjective
of or relating to words or the vocabulary of a language as distinguished from its grammar and construction
Example: Women are claimed to have their preference of LEXICAL choices.
ru: лексический
LGSWE, 9
noun
Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
Linear Unit Grammar, 22, 75, 111
an approach that describes language in chunks that unfold in real time
masculine, 103,122,128
adjective
the gender proper to male beings.
ru: мужской
mediation, 21
noun
a type of interaction that takes place among people that are unable to communicate
ru: посредничество
metafunction, 22, 76
noun
groups of semantic systems that make meanings of a related kind.
ru: метафункция
mindmap, 41
noun
a diagram used to visually organize information into a hierarchy, showing relationships among pieces of the whole
ru: ментальная карта
morphology, 42
noun
the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.
ru: морфология
noun phrase, 77
a phrase
a phrase that has a noun or pronoun as its head or performs the same grammatical function as a noun
Example: The NOUN PHRASE "uncharted territory" has been purposely selected where perhaps the word 'new' could have been used as an alternative to uncharted.
ru: словосочетание
orthografic, 43, 79
the art of writing words with the proper letters according to standard usage
ru: орфографический
outline, 41
noun
a general plan of the material that is to be presented in a speech or a paper.
ru: контур
parallel, 33, 115, 119
adjective
the repetition of the same grammatical form in two or more parts of a sentence
ru: параллельно
passive voice, 104
designating a form of the verb by which the verbal action is
attributed to the person or thing to whom it is actually
directed (i.e. the logical object is the grammatical subject),
e.g. He was seen by us; opposite of active.
ru: страдательный залог
postmodification, 8, 82
noun
the fact of coming after the most important word in a noun group (the head) and adding information about it
ru: постмодификация
predicate, 116
noun
the part of a sentence or clause that is not the subject but asserts a property, action, or condition of the subject
Example: Modality is also marked by the following non-verbal categories: PREDICATE adjectives, e.g., sure, certain, probable, likely, conceivable, doubtful.
ru: предикат
prefix, 43
noun
an affix which is placed before the stem of a word
Example: I made the false generalisation that all verbs form the negation by adding the PREFIX "ni"
ru: префикс
prepositional phrase, 13, 77, 82, 116
a phrase
a phrase that begins with a preposition and ends in a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase
Example: If the verb to be was complemented with not an adjective but a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE for example, then this was not tagged.
ru: предложная фраза
register, 8, 12, 82, 107, 111
noun
the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances
ru: регистр
rheme, 7,29,30,104,106,110,116,119
noun
the part of a clause that gives information about the theme.
ru: рема
semantic field, 86
a phrase
a lexical set of words grouped semantically (by meaning) that refers to a specific subject
Example: The suspense created by the unfinished sentence adds to the SEMANTIC FIELD of waiting which runs throughout the advert.
ru: семантическое поле
SkELL, 109
(Sketch Engine for Language Learning) is a simple tool for students and teachers of English to easily check whether or how a particular phrase or a word is used by real speakers of English.
subordinate clause, 102
a clause dependent on the main clause and functioning like a
noun, adjective, or adverb within the sentence, e.g. He said
that you had gone.
ru: придаточное предложение
suffix, 59
noun
an affix which is placed after the stem of a word
Example: Double-pasts: RM report that incorrect output forms, such as *ated, were produced by the application of both internal vowel modification and the regular 'ed' SUFFIX.
ru: суффикс
syntagmatic, 64, 75
adjective
an elementary constituent segment within a text.
Example: In addition differences between SYNTAGMATIC and paradigmatic relations are stated as follows.
ru: синтагматический
theme, 88
noun
the initial constituent of a sentence, viewed in relation to a more highly communicative theme or focus elsewhere in the sentence.
ru: тема
to-infinitive, 52
the basic form of a verb that does not indicate a particular
tense or number or person; the to-infinitive, used with
preceding to, e.g. I want to know; the bare infinitive, without
preceding to, e.g. Help me pack.
ru: неопределенная форма глагола
Versa Text, 14, 64
a free online tool for teaching and studying English through texts.
virtual corpus, 45
a phrase
a corpus that is not compiled from any source vertical files, but instead a set of corpora or corpus parts (i.e. subcorpora) is specified as the underlying source data.
ru: виртуальный корпус
word cloud, 14, 43, 63, 64
a visual representation of word frequency.
ru: облако слов
word family, 44
a group of cognate words especially within a single language.
ru: семья слов
word sketch, 43
a phrase
a one-page, automatic, corpus-derived summary of a word's grammatical and collocational behaviour